A linked list in embedded systems is a collection of data elements connected using pointers. Unlike an array, the elements do not need to occupy consecutive locations in memory. Each element stores its own data and a pointer that identifies the next element in the list. Linked lists are common …

A ring buffer in embedded systems is a fixed-size memory area used to temporarily store data. You will often find one between a fast peripheral and a slower part of the program. A UART interrupt, for example, can place received bytes into a ring buffer while the main application processes …

The ESP32-S3 is commonly powered through its USB port while programming and testing. However, USB power is not always practical for projects installed outdoors, mounted on walls, or placed far from an electrical outlet. In this tutorial, we will build an ESP32-S3 AA battery power supply using two AA cells …

If you've ever designed a board only to find it failing after a few thermal cycles, you already know the pain. The PCB material you choose determines everything—signal integrity, mechanical reliability, thermal performance, and ultimately whether your product survives in the field or ends up on a rework bench. Choosing …

A 16×2 character LCD is enough when you only need to display a few numbers or short messages. However, once your project needs icons, graphs, progress bars, larger fonts, or a proper user interface, a graphical LCD becomes a much better option. In this tutorial, I will show you how …

The usual way people learn online is starting to change in a big way. Long, detailed guides are not the only way to learn something now. A lot of learning is happening through short lessons instead. Both teachers and technology companies have been able to reach out to a larger …

Flexible PCB assembly looks simple until the first build goes wrong. A flex circuit is thin, light, and easy to bend, but those same features make it harder to assemble consistently. The circuit can shift during printing, wrinkle during handling, absorb moisture, expand under heat, or crack near a bend …

Today’s supply chains are expected to perform at higher speeds, with greater accuracy and reliability, which has seen the introduction of what is digital technology, which in turn is bringing to the table better visibility, automation, which is a plus, and operational flexibility, which is key. Also, it is becoming …

Insulation resistance testing is a cornerstone of electrical preventive maintenance. It catches degradation early — before it causes failures, downtime, or safety hazards. The principle is simple: apply a voltage, measure leakage, calculate resistance. Yet many teams treat it as a pass/fail check, missing the diagnostic depth it offers. The …

In this tutorial, we will connect an IR proximity sensor with the ESP32. This sensor is commonly used for obstacle detection, line-following robots, object counters, and simple automation projects where you only need to know if an object is near or not. The common IR proximity sensor module has an …